Bite Mark Analysis

Criminal cases many times call for the examination of evidence that can tie a suspect or victim to a crime scene or to one another. These physical traces frequently include blood and other bodily fluids, hair, fibers, and even bite marks. Here we will focus our attention to the latter and its accuracy, as it applies to the field of forensic science referred to forensic odontology or forensic dentistry. Forensic odontology is the field of forensic science dealing with the recognition of unique attributes present in each individual's dental composition. 1] This branch of forensics relies heavily on extensive and detailed knowledge of the teeth, jaws, and dental anatomy possessed by a dentist. In addition to this knowledge, the forensic dentist must be well-versed in the interpretations of radiographs, pathology, charting, and types of dental treatment. The forensic dentist is dutifully responsible for the proper handling, assessment, and evaluation of dental evidence in the name of jus tice. The dentist is the key to identification based upon the distinctive features present in the dental structures of each individual. Identification of deceased individuals who cannot be identified by other means, identification of human remains, identification of victims in mass fatalities, assessment of bite mark patterns, and age estimation using teeth are all part of the role of forensic odontologists as well. [2] Identification of an assailant by comparing a record of their dentition with a record of a bite mark left on a victim and the presentation of bite mark evidence in court as an expert witness are also done as part of the job. Bite mark comparison is one of the major and newer parts of this forensic discipline that has been evolving since the 1970s and has played a major role in many cases and the convictions of many criminal including the infamous Ted Bundy who was convicted solely on evidence of a bite mark analysis. However, recently, there has been a lot of debating around the accuracy of a bite mark comparisons and if it can truly assist in accurately identifying suspect as the biter in an attack. For example, in 1991 Ray Krone, a former letter carrier without a criminal record, honorably discharged from the U. S. Air Force was charged with taking the life of a Phoenix cocktail waitress, Kim Ancona. A body examination revealed that she had been stabbed eleven times and bitten on the left breast and on her neck. Forensic evidence, or lack of it, indicated that there were no fingerprints and other bodily fluids although there was indication that she had been sexually assaulted. There was little evidence that tied Krone to the crime except for evidence of the bite mark on the victim's breast, which a state forensic odontologist, Dr. Raymond Rawosn, said matched his very distinct teeth. The bite mark testimony of Dr. Rawson convinced the jury that Krone was guilty and he was convicted. [3] During the time of prosecution, forensic DNA technology was not generally available, but once it was, Ray Krone was proved innocent of the crime. A DNA test not only established that he was not involved in the fatal stabbing, but that also identified the true perpetrator – a person already incarcerated on another unrelated offense. After being cleared by DNA, Ray Krone walked out of the Arizona State Penitentiary at Yuma on April 8, 2002, a free man. 4] In another case, Ricky Amolsch, 38, ended up in jail for ten months over a mistake that a forensic dentist made. His girlfriend, Jane Marie Fray was gruesomely stabbed twenty-two times and an electrical cord was wrapped tightly around her neck. She was also bitten near her left ear. Amolsch was arrested, photographed and fingerprinted. The chief forensic odontologist for Wayne and Oakland Counties, Dr. Allan Warnick’s claims of a bite mark match persuaded the district judge to sign a capital warrant. The preliminary hearing relied on this evidence alone with the forensic dentist, Dr Warnick, giving a compelling testimony. Since Amolsch was not eligible for bond, he had to stay in jail until his trial, and during that time, he lost his home, his savings and his children. [5] After one of Warnick's other cases was challenged, officials re-examined Amolsch's case. Dr. John Kennedy, another forensic dentist, reviewed the case and gave a second opinion that it was someone else, not Amolsch, who had bitten Fray's face. Two other forensic dentists agreed and Amolsch was released from jail. It is true that a human bite mark inflicted by an attacker on the skin of a victim may leave a definitive identifiable pattern that can be identified as being made by a certain set of teeth. If a suspect is apprehended his teeth are reproduced by taking impressions of the teeth and pouring plaster into the impression, thus producing a plaster model. The plaster models of his or her teeth are then put on a scanner and scanned to make a digital image. A tracing of the biting edges of the teeth is then made either using the omputer or tracings from the printed image. This tracing is then superimposed on the bite mark photo, either manually or electronically using a scanned image of the bite mark, to determine if a match can be made. [6] Bite mark analysis is based on two postulates: a) the dental characteristics of anterior teeth involved in biting are unique amongst individuals, and b) this asserted uniqueness is transferred and recorded in the injury. [7] However, some bites are force ful enough to leave a good impression, others are not. A bite might penetrate the skin, but often only leaves bruising—and sometimes the blood marks of a bruise are mistaken for the impression of a tooth. It also seems to be the case that skin gets distorted when bitten or the teeth slide during the act of biting. [8] Furthermore, the level of distortion tends to increase after the bite mark was made. A studies suggest that for the bite mark to be accurately analyzed, the body must be examined in exactly the same position it was in when the bite occurred which can be a difficult if not an impossible task to accomplish. In addition, bite mark analysis is also controversial because dental profiles are subject to change. The loss and/or chipping of teeth, or the alteration of arch configuration through a variety of procedures, such as the use of braces, is common in human populations. The onset of oral diseases such as dental caries has been shown to alter the arch and tooth configuration and must be taken into account when comparing a dental profile to the bite mark after a significant amount of time has passed since the mark was made. 9] All of these variables affect the validity of a bite mark analysis and trying to identify an biter through the uniqueness of his or her dentition. One particular case that highlighted the lack of uniqueness in bite marks involved two suspects accused of attacking a man that had sustained a bite mark injury. Two separate forensic dentists, one representing the prosecution and one the defense, were brought in to analyze the mark. They reported conflicting results. One found the mark to come from suspect A and the other said it was from suspect B. This disagreement resulted from the fact that even though the two suspects had dental features making them unique, the bite mark itself was not detailed enough to reflect them. Therefore, the mark could have reasonably come from either of the men[10]. The equivocal outcome demonstrated in the case emphasizes the difficulty in proving uniqueness. In conclusion, not all bite marks have the level of forensic value necessary to identify just one individual. Now, individual characteristic within a bite mark or in a person's dentition is a distinguishing feature, trait, or pattern. Individual dental characteristics are reported to be features that are unique to an individual variation within a defined group. The presence of worn, fractured or restored teeth is valued as unique features. If a bite mark possesses the reflection of such a feature(s), the degree of confidence in a match increases. It is actually counter-intuitive to assume enamel chips, fractures, and dental restorations are always inherently unique. The shape of human teeth is quite constant in nature and their changes over time are based on common events.

Intro to Bio Essay

1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in Table 1? The patterns that I observe based on the information in Table 1 is that the more dissolved oxygen contained in the water, the more fish are observed in that particular area of water. 2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water. The hypothesis that I would develop relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the water sample and the number of fish observed in the body of water is if there is more dissolved oxygen contained in the water, there will be more fish present in the area the water sample is being taken from. 3. What would your experimental approach be to test this hypothesis? My experimental approach in order to test this hypothesis would be to test the dissolved oxygen contained in different areas of water and keep track of the fish in those areas and then compare the results. 4. What are the independent and dependent variables? The independent and dependent variables are the independent is the dissolved oxygen and the dependent is the fish. 5. What would be your control? What would be my control is no control. 6. What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why? The type of graph that would be appropriate for this data set would be a line graph because it will support the hypothesis that I came up with as well as provide clear results. 7. Graph the data from Table 1: Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of this exercise). You may use Excel, then â€Å"Insert† the graph, or use another drawing program. You may also draw it neatly by hand and scan your drawing. If you choose this option, you must insert the scanned jpg image here. 8. Interpret the data from the graph made in Question 7. The data from the graph shows the population of fish on the Y axis and the dissolved oxygen on the X axis. The population of fish increases in the graph because of the increased amount of dissolved oxygen found in the body of water.

Academia and Briefly Summarize

What challenges do you expect to arise from living and working in a complex urban environment? How will you meet them? (250 words) 9. Is there anything else you would like us to know? (300 words) DARTMOUTH 1. Please indicate your plans for the 2012-13 academic year. If in school, please list your courses. If working, let us know something about the nature of your job. 2. Please share with us something about yourself that is not addressed elsewhere in your application and which could be helpful to the Admissions Committee as we review your file. HARVARD D.If you have already graduated, briefly (4000 characters Max) summarize your activities since graduation. E. If there is an important aspect of your personal background or identity, not addressed elsewhere in the application, that you would like to share with the Committee, we invite you to do so here. Many applicants will not need to answer this question. Examples might include significant challenges in access to education, unusual socioeconomic factors, identification with a minority culture, religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation or gender identity. Briefly explain how such factors have influenced your motivation for a career in medicine-(4000 character maximum) DUKE Describe the community in which you were nurtured or spent the majority of your early development with respect to its demographics. What core values did you receive and how will these translate into the contributions that you hope to make to your community as a medical student and to your career In medicine? What is the most significant moral or ethical dilemma that you have faced in our life (excluding instances of academic dishonesty involving another person)?Describe how you dealt with and potentially resolved it, including beliefs, resources, individuals, etc. How did this dilemma and its resolution change your life and what, if any, impact will this have on your future as a health care provider? What has been your most humbling experience and how will that experience affect your interactions with your peers and patients? The curriculum at the duke university sc hool of medicine is unique and academically challenging.

Arab and Israel Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Arab and Israel Conflict - Essay Example Chapter threeIntroduction 23 Over View 24 Conflicting Issues 26 Conflict Resolution 28 Relation with Iran 32 Conclusion 33 References 38 Bibliography 41 It is rightly observed by the research scholars all across the globe that the word ‘change’ is the only constant thing in the world of today. The massive changes in the arena of international politics, information technology and communication process have immense influence upon the terms and the trades of the present day business and life. The impacts of globalization and privatization have made the world a small place to live in. The developments in the segment of information technology have proved to be very beneficial for other inventions and discoveries. Huge successes in the domain of communication processes have facilitated the general public to have access of the instant information. But the most important factor has been that of international politics that has considerable influence upon the life of all the people. The international politics of the last century

Quality Service Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quality Service Management - Case Study Example Spencer was in maintaining quality service by the hotel staff as a result of which he and his family had to wait for a long time before they could finally check in into their room. There were also unavailability of staff to escort them to their room as they had luggages and also a kid. They had to struggle to reach their room this indicates a clear service quality gap as the hotel was not being able to meet the basic requirements of their guests. The guests waited for a long time in queue due to inefficiency of the front desk operators. The hotel even did not possess an effective knowledge management which resulted into same room being allocated to two guests. There was even lack of communication between the hotel staff and guests and this caused the guests to wait for a long time for services such as availability of even room keys. The staff of the hotel also did not take to deliver appropriate services to the guest and there were no staff available to attend the guests if they came after 11pm. Remington Hotel was not able to handle queries of the customers and neither had efficient staffs who could deliver the guests standard services and even could contribute towards making the experience of their guests at their hotel a memorable one. The most important service quality dimension that needs to be considered by Madeline for further service improvement was assurance. The hotel staff and even design of the facilities that were offered to the guests was very low in assuring that they were able to meet quality standards in comparison to other hotels. Madeline needs to improve assurance factor so as to deliver high quality services to all its guests. The main factors that build this assurance aspect are well trained staff, technologically advanced system and quick services as per the requirements of their guests (Lockyer, 2013, pp. 75-76). These factors need to be handled very effectively so that the guests do not come up with such

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

I'll attach it - Essay Example For example, I searched for database administrator jobs in Chicago and I was able to get the necessary information needed. From the websites, I was able to get a few results in various companies. The job descriptions on the two sites appear to bear striking similarities, such as- the breakdown of the duties of the potential data administrator, the amount of experience that he/she is supposed to possess and educational qualifications. Additionally, the sites provided a platform for either saving the job description for future use or reference, and a link for applying for the job in case one wanted to. Most of the job descriptions for the database administrator job, did not quote the salary offered for the jobs. However, dice.com is more suited for job seekers who are in the IT industry and offers more information on job opportunities in that sector. On the other hand, monster.com offers a wider search network for job vacancies in all sectors. One factor that I found beneficial with wwww.monster.com, is its relatively easy application procedure when compared to dice.com. Even though monster.com has an easier application process, I found dice.com to be the better site because it offers more detailed information and provides crucial career advice. In summary even though both sites offer similar job descriptions, I found dice.com to be the better option in terms of the depth of the job listings, user friendly interface and a faster processing

Organizational Behaviour - Leadership in Organizations Case Study

Organizational Behaviour - Leadership in Organizations - Case Study Example These theories discussed different styles of leadership also which include leadership styles such as situational, transformational, servant-leadership etc. The topic of this essay is to discuss the contingency model of leadership and the subsequent changes which took place over the period of time in the concept and theoretical foundations of the concept. However, before discussing the concept, it is important that a comprehensive look at what the leadership is and how it emerges must be taken into account. As discussed above that there were different attempts being made in defining the process of leadership and how it emerges. Leadership has typically been defined as the process of influencing others in order to accomplish some objectives through others. Leaders often achieve this through their personal attributes such as values, knowledge, ethical considerations as well as character. However, on an organizational level, leadership is more concerned with organizational functioning as well as the coordination of various activities in order to achieve the intended objectives. Recent advances in the literature, however, clearly indicate that leadership is not just limited to the concept of accomplishing tasks through personal attributes rather it is more of a collaborative effort which does not rely on the leader but on followers also. This leadership is, therefore, a two-way concept involving both the leaders and followers to accomplish any given task. A historical look at the development of leadership theories would suggest that it started with the emergence of Great Man theories which emphasized the in-born capabilities of the leaders. Such theories highlighted that great leaders are born leaders and leadership is something which cannot be acquired or developed over a period of time. (Horner,1997). The next generation of change in leadership theories focused on the contextual relationship of the leadership with the organization. The situational leadership theories, therefore, concentrated on studying the influences of the external environment on the behaviour of the leaders and attempted to define the external environment as an influential factor on the overall shaping of the leader. Situational theories are based on the assumption that leaders emerge either due to the economic condition of the country, group dynamics, threats which are external to the organization as well as the different organizational culture prevailing in organizations. The situational leadership is therefore considered as the result of a leader's reaction towards the different external settings and influences faced by the organization. (Hollander, 1971). Fiedler's contingency model is part of this school of thought about leadership.  

International Relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Relation - Essay Example For the Non governmental organizations to be able to impact their influence, they need the support of larger multinational organizations as well (Palmer 2006). One such relationship has been in existence with the United Nations for over 50 years now. This relationship is not adequately recorded as it has experienced a lot of metamorphoses over time (Palmer 2006). However the most important thing is the common goals each of these organizations have; a world that is clean, healthy, and has opportunity for all to live their lives in justice and without fear. The UN and the NGOs both support this (Ishkanian 2008). The role of Non governmental organizations in bringing the world to its senses (consciousness) is basically consultative though recently the involvement of the NGOs has become more intensive just like governments and political organizations. The most influential NGOs are the international ones and this increased participation of the International NGOs is what has come to be commonly described as the "Civil Society" (Palmer 2006). The UN describes this as the world where social movements systematize themselves focused on certain goals, constituencies, and thematic interests (UN secretary) NGOs' Promotion of Democracy Its has been the goal of the non governmental organization and the united nations to achieve a 100 percent democratic world over the next 25 years and this can only be achieved by radical reinforcement of the principal freedom fighters (Ishkanian 2008). The NGOs have an advantage of a strong foundation of success and experience over the past decades. The freedom house has been very active in fighting fascism as an effort to create a democratic world since 1940 while the league of women voters took up the initiative to fight for democracy in the period after the World War II in Germany and Europe at large helping Spain and Portugal achieve democracy (Gagnon Jr 1995). Even America in the 1980s experienced a lot of NGO contribution to promoting democratic activities such as expansion of freedoms. The freedom house has indicated that over the past 33 years, the number of non free nations in terms of democracy has reduced by 50%. The AFL-CIO has played a very important role in the achievement and strengthening cohesion in Poland while the National Democratic Institute has been involved in teaching democrats in Hungary about communism and benefits of democracy. NGOs are very effective as they can operate even in dangerous nations where dictators are still in power and where dictatorship is no longer in existence. This fact can be the mother of all strategies of initiating and maintaining democracies (Donald 1994). Dictatorship is the moist challenging issue in the achievement of democracy, paradoxically, with international NGOs in place, these fact is often very string as there is immense knowledge of how dictators in the past have left power and long lasting democracies implemented. Recently, a research by the freedom house indicated that so far over 67 transitions of freedom have been won

Using Power in Achieving Different Goals Assignment

Using Power in Achieving Different Goals - Assignment Example Barack Obama's eloquence has been fundamental in establishing trust and influencing other people within the society. Such influence has been fundamental in winning elections throughout his political career. He has effectively utilized power to influence multitudes and gain essential support from different socio-cultural groups. He has used power in achieving different goals from promises made during the camping periods. Commitment and accountability have been fundamental traits in the utilization of power by President Obama. He always appears calm and relaxed despite the challenges facing the government in containing growing socio-economic issues, within the country. Effectively members of the government have been empowered to perform and make decisions regarding the state at the international level (Nye Jr, Rachman, Mead, & Mearsheimer, 2012). Many of the ambassadors perform their responsibilities independent of governmental influence. This has been an incremental approach to ensuri ng the passing of power and subsequently gaining positive benefits. Many international relationships have been established and restored following this careful transfer of presidential power to ambassadors. Within the real world, individuals become advised to refrain from hoarding power in seeking to ensure that power empowers others. The transfer of power must be undertaken carefully to eliminate the possibility of misusing such power. The element of communication remains incremental in ensuring power enhances social agendas and not personal benefits (Bal, Campbell, Steed, & Meddings, 2008). The language utilized in communications must, therefore, be clear and eloquent in delivering messages. This effectively results in insufficient understanding between communicating individuals or centers. Individuals can establish relationships based on an understanding of each other, and reflection of their situations and emotions. Fundamentally, individuals exhibit power through their capacity to transmit ideologies and perceptions  effectively, to other individuals.  

INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE - Assignment Example My house was a mess: my toilet is leaking, renovations were in order, and my husband was painting the place, an electrician was replacing the old wiring systems, the old furniture had been auctioned, and a plumber was taking care of the plumbing system. Simply put, the house was not in a good condition to host my friends. The party was scheduled for the weekend and some of my husband’s friends would really want to watch football, which was going to be a problem since we had no cable connection that month. My neighbor happens to have a good home-theater and reliable cable connection; this would really come in handy. Therefore, I began by enticing my neighbor with muffins two weeks before the party. She liked them so much that she came over for some lessons on baking. I remember she even baked some for one of her friends who had a birthday a few days later. I comfortably let her use my oven because I knew that she would feel obliged to reciprocate the favor by agreeing to let me use her house for my get-together. I offered to help her make the muffins just in case she got stuck, and even prepared extra niceties (cookies) for her to present to her friend. She was very pleased with my being nice to her. We had not known each other for long, and she did not know many of the friends on my guest list . I had planned for fifteen people, and I was not sure she would agree to accommodate fifteen strangers in her house. However, I needed a place that was close to mine for the sake of cooking and coordination just in case people needed to sleep over or put their belongings. One day after coming from her friend’s party, I went over to her place, asked her about the party and whether her friend liked the muffins. I told her about my party and that she was invited since we had formed a good friendship. She was a bit surprised when I dropped the bombshell on her about hosting fifteen people at her house. However, she

Forum Discussion Activities Essay Example for Free

Forum Discussion Activities Essay Please post your response to ONE of the following questions in the Forum by Wednesday, midnight, of Week 3. Then please post at least three responses to other student’s postings by Saturday, midnight, of Week 3. * You are the Vice President of a US based software company. You have been tasked with exploring the possibility of setting up a software development operation in India. You have heard that the rigid caste systems can affect business operations. Do you think it is possible to use a typical US management style in India or should you adjust to the local Indian managerial style and employment practices? Explain. Forum Discussion Week 3 – Question #2 Businesses create strategies for setting up relationships with other countries based upon the type of product involved and whether their entry is in the product market or the resource market. â€Å"Strategy† within this global framework most closely resembles a ‘marketing strategy’ that addresses target markets, segmentation, positioning and allocation of resources. Discuss the various strategies outlined within the text reading and which one or two seem to fit your final project country and product best. Provide a glimpse of your final paper by discussing the product and country you have selected and post and respond to students related to what product you have chosen and whether you are entering in the product or resource markets. Written Assignments Case Study 2 Write a 2-3 page analysis of the Case Study entitled, â€Å"Argentina’s Monetary Crisis† located in Chapter 10 of the text. Upload the paper to the Assignments Drop Box by Saturday, midnight, of Week 3. Course Project: Market Entry Analysis You should have by selected your country and product and begun your environmental research. A learning objective this week is to move from environment to strategy. Outlining your country and product choice, begin a thread on the Forum related to entry strategies as outlined in the text. Elicit comments from your classmates on your choices and begin to formulate your strategy. Learning from this milestone can be incorporated into the final paper due Week 5. * You are the Vice President of a pharmaceutical company that makes anti-malarial drugs. You are looking at the possibility of opening up a factory as a JV with the local government in an African country with high levels of malaria. At present, the majority of people in this country cannot afford the high prices of anti-malarial drugs from outside the country, but by building the plant locally, you would not only provide jobs but also your company could supply anti-malarial drugs to the local population at half the current price. In a meeting with a local government official, you are told that the plant can go forward if you pay the official $100,000 in cash. What are your options and what would you do? My options are to pay the $100,000 or not to pay it based on the company policy. Facilitation payments are still permitted by some countries. We would give the $100,000 to the officials in cash, and then we would also try to negotiate a 5 year tax break. And to recover the $100,000 given to officials, we would charge an extra 15 cents per vaccine sold to recoup the $100,000. We would say the fund is just the price of doing business and setting up relationships outside the US. This bribery is similar to what some city inspectors do when they want to give you a hard time. There has been times where if you didn’t have a nice hot cup of coffee with a $100 bill under it that the inspector would fail you just so you would have to pay another $250 for another inspection. The $100,000 that we would pay as a company could negotiate a vast amount of things per the article below. Interestingly, when the FCPA was initially passed in 1977, the facilitating payment exception was found under the definition of foreign official. However, with the 1988 Amendments, a more explicit exception was written into the statute making it clear that the anti-bribery provisions â€Å"shall not apply to any facilitating or expediting payment to a foreign official, political party, or party official the purpose of which is to expedite or to secure the performance of a routine governmental action . . .† The statute itself provided a list of examples of facilitation payments in the definition of routine governmental actions. It included the following: * Obtaining permits, licenses, or other official documents; * Processing governmental papers such as visas and work orders; * Providing police protection, mail services, scheduling inspections; * Providing utilities, cargo handling; or * Actions of a similar nature. http://tfoxlaw.wordpress.com/tag/facilitation-payments/ You are the Vice President of a US based software company. You have been tasked with exploring the possibility of setting up a software development operation in India. You have heard that the rigid caste systems can affect business operations. Do you think it is possible to use a typical US management style in India or should you adjust to the local Indian managerial style and employment practices? Explain. I would say yes I would use a typical US management style in India. I agree that adapting to India’s culture, managerial style and employment practices are great and would probably be best. But for the very same reason we are expanding aboard and going to India is because our business model has already been accepted by the culture. You only expand to markets if they are the right fit for the company. Bringing something new, innovative and showing India the way that our US company does business may just be intriguing to the country and accepted in ways never seen before; the only thing that matter is if the product sells. McDonalds is a great example; McDonalds is everywhere and consumers shop with McDonalds because the golden arches are known globally, and the business model is a cookie cutter from store to store, nothing changes. Understanding how cultural differences can affect the way in which a business is practiced, Employing local citizens, mixing managerial staff ,educating ourselves about the culture are great and must do’s, but keeping the company’s business model intact and adjusting to the environment is the key to protecting ourselves from the danger of being ill-informed. Business and money are both universal languages and there are more ways to make it work within a proven system than not. Businesses create strategies for setting up relationships with other countries based upon the type of product involved and whether their entry is in the product market or the resource market. â€Å"Strategy† within this global framework most closely resembles a ‘marketing strategy’ that addresses target markets, segmentation, positioning and allocation of resources. Discuss the various strategies outlined within the text reading and which one or two seem to fit your final project country and product best. Provide a glimpse of your final paper by discussing the product and country you have selected and post and respond to students My product selection is infection prevention, innovative sterilization, disinfection and hand hygiene products that will be sold in Canada. * The International Strategy I think would work the best for my product. Medical products and medical technical equipment accounts for $8.8 billion in US export revenue which is ranked number 6 on the list of top exports to Canada from the US. Infection prevention, innovative sterilization, disinfection and hand hygiene products are produced in the US but, are needed worldwide. Currently the US is the major exporter Medical products, medical technical equipment to Canada; also Leading US pharmaceutical companies have production, RD facilities, and distribution offices in many locations across Canada. Among them are Abbott Point-of-Care, Johnson Johnson, Pfizer, Novartis, and others. The medical devices industry in Canada is also among the largest in the world. Medical device companies operating in Canada incorporate advanced technologies and the newest discoveries. Our main focus is on helping to ensure the safest possible environments for patients and their families, healthcare workers, providers and communities. Our quality infection prevention products help care for both the people and the world we live in. * The Global Standardization stratedgy is great because the pro that will be sold are all relatively standard, and will be distributed the same way. Customization is not needed to the products themselves, the only thing that will need adjustments is the language, all sterilization equipment, solutions, and products are manufactured the same and have the same technology. http://www.jnj.com/connect/about-jnj/company-structure/medical-devices/ http://www.aspjj.com/us/about/asp-mission-vision http://www.jnj.com/connect/about-jnj/company-structure/medical-devices/ http://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_us_exports.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson http://www.canadafaq.ca/what+are+the+top+industries+in+canada/ I am selling a pacemaker in Australia. The International Strategy would be the best for my product. It is produced in the US currently and does not need customization to sell in Australia. Pacemakers fulfill a universal need. Australia imports 85-90% of medical devices. Currently the US is the major exporter of medical supplies to Australia followed by Germany, Japan and the EU. There is no pressure to reduce costs. A strategic alliance may be needed down the road if a strong competitor does start to emerge. It is important that the pacemaker evolves over time or competitors will develop a better product. Global Standardization may be an option because customization of the pacemaker is not needed. It is a universal product. Costs will be low. Aggressive pricing can be used. The drawback is a competitor may create a better product through evolution. Localization would not work because customization is not needed. Consumer tastes and preferences do not come into play for this product. Transnational is also not needed at this time because cost is not a factor and customization for local demands do not exist. This is a complex strategy that I will not need to apply. Because of local culture, I will need to find a local agent to work with in Australia. The aging population, demands for a higher quality of life and increasing affluence have created a demand for quality medical devices. Reference: Global Business Today My project is to import car care and weather resistant equipment into Canada. This is not a new idea and it is not a product that cannot be found really anywhere in the world. The strategy that seems to fit my project best is the international strategy. The reason is that it is not unique in idea. The vital importance is expanding the market for the product. There will be minimal change to the product and with the non existent trade barriers of NAFTA importation will go smoothly. Since the majority of the Canadian population lives so close to the US borer transportation costs will not extend far beyond deliveries to the NorthEast/NorthWest. The other option would be a Localization strategy as we could focus on specific markets such and alternative transportation vehicles equipment that are used in the snowbound areas. The Localization strategy is the most important in the marketing aspect.The localization and transnational strategies are the best matches for my proposed product which is a UK-based channel on YouTube that is mostly ran from the United States. My product is based on my current occupation and we have several international channels that have launched with steady success. There are four major international business strategies: globalization, transnational, international, and localization. Globalization strategy occurs when a firm focuses on profit by utilizing economies of scale, localization, and learning efforts. This strategy is the most helpful when firms are pressured to reduce costs and local responsiveness is low. International strategy occurs when a firm creates value by selling products internationally that were created domestically and do not require significant customization. Transnational strategy occurs when a firm tries to achieve lower costs by economies of scale, localization, and learning efforts and also focusing on products that are tailored to local markets. Economies of scale and learning efforts will not be factors within my strategy, however localization plays a large role. Because some of the content on the channel will be created in the UK to create a sense of community, creative contractors will create the content which lends itself to a more identifiable relationship with consumers. Expanding a content-based business from the United States to the UK benefits best from concise localization strategy. Content that is tailored for a consumer in the UK adheres to high local responsibility. Because both countries are English-speaking, content can be shared by both venues and avoid translation costs or and also reduce cost of creating content. This may help alleviate the localization strategy’s characteristic struggle to lower the high pressure for cost reductions. References: Hill, C. W. (2011). Global Business Today (7th Edition ed.). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill. I am selling a pacemaker in Australia. The International Strategy would be the best for my product. It is produced in the US currently and does not need customization to sell in Australia. Pacemakers fulfill a universal need. Australia imports 85-90% of medical devices. Currently the US is the major exporter of medical supplies to Australia followed by Germany, Japan and the EU. There is no pressure to reduce costs. A strategic alliance may be needed down the road if a strong competitor does start to emerge. It is important that the pacemaker evolves over time or competitors will develop a better product. Global Standardization may be an option because customization of the pacemaker is not needed. It is a universal product. Costs will be low. Aggressive pricing can be used. The drawback is a competitor may create a better product through evolution. Localization would not work because customization is not needed. Consumer tastes and preferences do not come into play for this product. Transnational is also not needed at this time because cost is not a factor and customization for local demands do not exist. This is a complex strategy that I will not need to apply. Because of local culture, I will need to find a local agent to work with in Australia. The aging population, demands for a higher quality of life and increasing affluence have created a demand for quality medical devices.

John Lewis Christmas Marketing Campaign Essay Example for Free

John Lewis Christmas Marketing Campaign Essay This year’s advert, entitled â€Å"The Journey†, hopes to do as well if not better than its predecessor. The ? 6 million campaign created by Adam+EveDDB tells the story of a snowman who travels across rivers, mountains, roads and cities to get the perfect gift for the snowwoman who stands with him in the garden. * The advert could’ve been seen on channel 4 just before Christmas and then it was easily accessible on internet(facebook, youtube, etc). John Lewis also was running a snowman hunt, with six snowmen figures hidden around stores. If customers find them all they could win a price, including a  £10,000 holiday, Sony laptop, spa days and gift hampers. John Lewis has also run social media activity including competitions to win a holiday to New Zealand, where the ad was filmed, and for a family to get their garden ‘snowed up’ for Christmas day. John Lewis hopes to make a â€Å"confident statement† in its Christmas marketing this year through its TV, press, outdoor and in-store activity as well as the Annual, a glossy print title that brings together its Editions magazine and Christmas catalogue into one publication for the first time. The Twitter campaign uses the hashtag #snowmanjourney to track its experiential campaign that is photographing the snowman in different towns around the country. John Lewis has also press released many articles regarding their Christmas advert, in store sales, and competitions. John Lewis PR department has also write a book that tells the story of the snowman and his journey which is also part of the high profile Christmas campaign, short afterwards the book became one of the most selling books for children. John Lewis has attributed a lift in its crafts offering to its Christmas ad campaign. Items on sale include a Knit Your Own Snowman. * The campaign was created to persuade more and more customers to come in the store and buy gifts for their loved ones during Christmas time. John Lewis’s advert also delivered strong Christmas, and warm feeling to the viewers so they are also creating the brand. They want to tell and insert John Lewis’s brand in many people’s life. Craig Inglis the Marketing Director at John Lewis said â€Å"the campaigns are not just an investment in making people feel Christmassy, they have commercial effectiveness at eart. † Adverts starring the character proved a big hit – with more than three million views on YouTube. * The target market were people who had families, people who lad loved ones, relatives, and people who had someone one special in their lives, because Christmas it is all about spending time with the loved ones, giving them gifts and have a great time. Also they targeted at other organization’ s customers for example MarksSpencer, Boots, etc. Also people who wanted to their bedrooms as they had big sales in their home department. Sales figures Sales for the retailer are up 7. 6% year on year for the week ending 17 November with a strong performance in electrical and home technology driving the growth with a 22. 2% jump in sales. In the five weeks over Christmas John Lewis recorded a 44. 3 per cent rise in its ‘Click and Collect’ service, which allows shoppers to buy products online and then collect them from one of the group’s Waitrose supermarkets, compared with figures from 2011. Total web sales reached ? 684. 8 million in the five weeks to 29 December. Electrical and home technology sales were up by 30. 9 per cent on 2011 with tablets being the retailer’s star festive performer. Fashion and beauty sales rose 10. 4 per cent with home products increasing by 6. 2 per cent. In the last full week before Christmas John Lewis posted sales of ? 157. 8 million, a rise of 26. 5 per cent from last year. A record ? 31. 7 million was then taken on 27 December, the start of the retailer’s clearance sale. Conclusion Overall I think the Christmas campaign has been extremely successful. The reason why I am saying this is because comparing the sales figure from last year and this year they achieved a record this year by stepping over the ? 150 million revenue. Also looking at the promotional mix they have done pretty well again, as we have new products which are the snowman book and the snowman toys, sales offers in their stores at certain products. Their PR department did very well as they came with articles just before launching the advert letting people know when and where will they be able to see the advert. The personal selling was great as well as when going to the check out they would ask the customers if they found everything they need and also if they would be interested in buying the snowman book, etc. Direct marketing was great as well as there was a twitter account where you could fallow the snowman’s adventure, and competitions on Facebook and in store. An improvement I would say it would be that maybe the customers where interested in more sales promotions and more direct marketing would convince customers to buy more products and come to John Lewis more often. Although the Advert did cost a huge amount of money that is nothing compared to the ? 157. 8 million revenue they made last year. Another reason why I think that the campaign was successful was that the advert they made has been voted as the year’s most favourite TV advert. And finally the last reason why I am sure that the campaign was extremely successful was that none of the directors of John Lewis expected a record breaker sales figure.

Analysing the concept of Employee Development

Analysing the concept of Employee Development Human resources are the most important resources in any organization. It can be said that the success of any organization relies upon the success and performance of its employees. Organizations need to remain competitive within their respective markets and therefore they need their employees to equally competitive. Change management demands that competent employees are hired in order to facilitate the process of adapting to foreseeable challenges in life. Like the many forms of employee training, employee development programs are designed to address issues that affect employees. These issues range from corporate values and organizational missions to understanding and achieving personal career goals. This reports defines employee development (ED), addresses the main differences between training and development, highlights the significance of this process on the individual and organizational levels, points out various approaches used in implementing such process and finally it discusse s the roles of both employers and employee in the success development (Roth well, 2010). Definition of Employee Development The concept of employee development is not a new one. It has existed since the 1920s and it has changed and evolved depending on the ups and downs of the job market. When unemployment rates are low, making more jobs available, and organizations try to focus on keeping their current employees, so programs are designed with that in mind. When the market is more unstable and rife with lay-offs and downsizing, organizations might focus on cross-training their employees or teaching them more marketable skills. More recently, employers have adapted in such a way that they no longer expect to keep a new employee until their retirement. Hence, many organizations are now focusing their employee development programs on how to achieve personal goals, how to better prepare for various technological advances, and how to be more productive, in an overall sense. In doing this, an organization creates a culture that embraces and encourages employee growth, development and success, which in turn cont ributes to the overall success of the organization (Sims, 2001). Employee development is therefore a system of providing opportunities for employees to reach their full potential through improving their skills, knowledge and other attributes and to become of greater value for the organization. Normally it incorporates new hire orientation, training, career Management, and Management Development (Cavanaugh Cavanaugh, 2008). Development is about preparing for change in the form of new jobs, new responsibilities, or new requirements. Differences between training and development Training and development are processes that attempt to provide an employee with information, skills, and an understanding of the organization and its goals. In addition, training and development are designed to help a person continue to make positive contributions in the form of good performance. The term training is often confused with the term development. Training is defined as any attempt to improve employee performance on a currently held job or one related to it (Cavanaugh Kail, 2008). The key difference between training and development is that employee development is not always directly tied to observable, behavioral change. It cultivates individuals so that their organization and work group collectively possess the competencies essential to meet present responsibilities and prepare for future ones (Taylor, 2002). As such, training is designed to address current performance problems, whereas development focuses on preparing employees for future assignments. Training is focus on current immediate skills and abilities enhancements that will affect have results in the employees job today. Training tends to be more focused on building skills and abilities for individuals current jobs and tends to have a more short-term focus. Development is preparing the employee for a future. This imparts employees with hope for a future with the company or industry. It has a wider focus, longer time frame, and broader scope than training (Hawley, 2004). Importance of employee Development Employee development is the most salient aspect of organizational management towards achieving set business objectives. Qualified and competent workforce ensures that company objectives are realized through greater job outcomes. Training of employees equips them with appropriate skills and competencies to perform their duties satisfactorily (Keeton Sheckley, 2001). This leads to quality job outcomes which meet the expectations of stakeholders and customers alike. Satisfied clients are hitherto retained. Employee training also facilitates the process of acquiring new job skills relevant for solving challenges at workplace by employees. Development of employee training programs by a company integrates a culture of responsibility and accountability amongst the workforce in line with expected standards of quality and performance. Employees are equally motivated to work on their assigned duties towards developing their careers. To this end, employee training motivates workers. Employee d evelopment plays a major role in the organizational strategy. Employees are competing more for power, status, managers time and opportunities for personal growth and development. Approaches to Employee Development The best approaches to employee development takes into account various techniques appropriate for the composition of the workforce, the objectives need to be accomplished, and to allow for individual differences in learning styles. These approaches fall into four broad categories and many organizations combine these approaches: formal education, assessment, job experiences, and interpersonal relationships (Society, 1996). Formal Education Another option is tuition reimbursement. Some organizations will reimburse their employees for attending courses or earning a particular degree. This frequently, though not always, involves distance education programs. Advantages and disadvantages of off-site versus on-site approaches can be differentiated as follows: Advantages Get to learn outside of the culture of the organization. Get fresh perspectives. Increases critical thinking skills. Disadvantages Information taught is not always directly applicable to the industry or company the employee is in. Assessment Information for assessment may come from the employees, their peers, managers and customers. Why would companies invest in assessment of employees? The most frequent uses of assessment are: to identify employees with managerial potential, to measure current managers strengths and weaknesses, and to identify managers with potential to move into higher-level executive positions (Roth well, 2010). Methods and sources of information used in developmental assessment include: performance appraisals, psychological tests, and ratings of behaviors and style of working with others. Tools used for assessment include: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, assessment centers, the Benchmarks assessment, performance appraisal, and 360-degree feedback (Taylor, 2002). Developing a planning Process Employee development should be one tool for implementing HR plans. Unfortunately, it rarely is because ED is seldom planned. Creating a planned employee development program usually consists of many steps: Identifying each work group in the organization: Clarifying the groups purpose, activities and responsibilities Planning changes to group purpose, activities and responsibilities so that they match the desired purpose, activities and responsibilities of the work group. Determining how many and what kind of people are presently available in the work group. Comparing desired human resources to available supplies. Establishing a long term action plans for each work groups in order to narrow gaps between desired and available HR supplies through planned ED. Identifying development needs Choosing a development goal Identifying the actions that need to be taken by the employee and the company to achieve the goal Determining how progress toward goal attainment will be measured Investing time and energy to achieve the goal Establishing a timetable for development Employee development is most likely to meet the organizations needs if it is part of a human resource system of career management. Basic career management system involves four steps: Self-assessment Reality check Goal setting Action planning At each step, both the employee and the organization have responsibilities.The system is most likely to be beneficial if it is linked to the organizations objectives and needs, has support from top management, and is created with employee participation (Cavanaugh Cavanaugh, 2008). Conclusion Maintaining human resources is a vital part of the overall management of organizations greatest resources, their human capital. This includes proper employee orientation, training and development. These will help the organization create a posture of learning and thus remain competitive in their respective markets (Society, 1996). Employees should be help accountable for the training and development that they receive and thus results should be measurable for it to be an overall success. Effective training and development is vital part of the overall management of human resources however, in recent budget constraints it is often the first place organizations look to cut. This should be reconsidered based upon the return that an organization receives from its investment in its employees (Sims, 2001). . Training and development are critical components to successfully managing the human capital of an organization. Ongoing training and development is an investment that can help firms stimulate employee growth and maximize the competitive advantages provided by lifelong learning (First College, 1996). There are many ways to begin, and it all doesnt have to be done at once or in any particular order.

Rip’s Dependence on Society for Self-Identity Essay -- Rip Van Winkle

Rip’s Dependence on Society for Self-Identity    Rip Van Winkle   Ã‚  After falling asleep in the forest, a man returns to find his house abandoned, his town transformed his friends dead or missing and his own identity in serious doubt. Suddenly he recognizes his exact likeness walking down the street and for a moment he loses his identity. This is not a science fiction piece but rather the well known tale of Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving. In the moment when Van Winkle sees his exact likeness walking up the mountain, he let's out an anguished cry, ". . .I can't tell what's my name, or who I am I am!" (Page 410) With that one statement we understand Van Winkle's predicament. Without his community to define him Van Winkle is lost, for he only exists through the eyes of others. To understand better Van Winkle's predicament we must first understand his character and how he was viewed by his community. Examining the text we find ample examples of both. Irving describes his main character as an amiable fool. As stated in the text Van Winkle is ". . . one of those happy mortals, of foolish, well-oiled dispositions, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, which ever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound." (Page 404) He is also said to be a man who, "If left to himself would whistle his life away . . . " (Page 404) Clearly Van Winkle has little concern for the matters of getting ahead. Yet one has to look at how he fits into his rustic community to get a clearer impression of him. Although much satire is made of Van Winkle being a "henpecked husband", the story al... ...n to an "old woman" who finally comes forward and proclaims, "Sure enough! it is Rip Van Winkle -- it is himself." (Page 411) After her identification is corroborated by the elderly Peter Vanderdonk, Van Winkle is Van Winkle once more. Once he is identified, Van Winkle's place in the community is reinstated. In fact his status even improves to the point where he is considered, "one of the patriarchs of the village", for in their eyes he is now a town historian. The story of Van Winkle shows us how dependent he was on the community, without which he could not exist. His place within the society and the acknowledgment of others were crucial to how he defined himself. Works Cited: Irving, Washington. "Rip Van Winkle." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998.

Importance of Immunizations :: essays research papers

My Audience will know the Importance of Immunizations I. INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Importance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases A. ATTENTION GETTER   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fact Texas is ranked last in Immunization coverage rates among the 50 states† B. ESTABLISH THEME   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Un immunized kids are starting to become a risk factor in our Texas school, to a point where they are starting to exclude students from school activities. C. CREDIBILITY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I speak from first hand knowledge, not only am I faced with these problems on a day to day basis, my daughter was diagnosed with pertussis from an un immunized contact person, so I know the importance of immunizations. (tell story about Serenity) D. PREVIEW 1-2-3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This evening we will discuss: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The importance of vaccines. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ways to improve our Immunization rates. 3. Where you can take your child for low-cost or no cost vaccines.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not only is un immunized children on a dramatic rise in Texas, statistics show that there was 5,465 cases of vaccine preventable diseases reported in Texas during 2004 resulting in 132 deaths II. FIRST MAJOR IDEA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The statistics of vaccine preventable diseases demonstrate the importance of vaccine preventable diseases. A. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Information on immunizations (hand outs) B. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ways to protect your child (schedule, complete series) III. SECOND MAJOR IDEA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1992 Texas initiated a pilot program called ImmTrac that is a free service of the Texas Department of State Health Services. This secure, confidential registry stores a child’s immunization information electronically in one central system and offers physicians, parents and schools easy access to a child’s immunization history. Immtrac can ensure that children are vaccinated on time and protected from vaccine preventable diseases. A. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immtrac has showed significant success by improving our levels of coverage by 10% in each of the vaccine categories. B. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  VFC Program Vaccine for Children’s IV. THIRD MAJOR IDEA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Texas has allocated monies from the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, and Section 1928 of the Social Security act to fund the program. A. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over 989 providers in Region2/3, over 5, 000 providers thru out Texas B. SUPPORT MATERIAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wont refuse for in ability to pay, no one turned Now that I have informed you on the importance of vaccines, V. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following the immunization schedule, and having your vaccines on time, is the best way to prevent these diseases that we are facing everyday to cease. A. REVIEW   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vaccine preventable diseases are on a dramatic rise in not only Texas but also in our country.

Economic Discrimination in Frank McCourts Angela’s Ashes Essay

Economic Discrimination in Frank McCourt's Angela’s Ashes As Jerome K. Jerome once said, â€Å"It is easy enough to say that poverty is no crime. No; if it were men wouldn’t be ashamed of it. It is a blunder, though, and is punished as such. A poor man is despised the whole world over.† This famous quote describes the way poor people are discriminated against and despised around the world by those who are better off. In the novel Angela’s Ashes, by Frank McCourt, the characters are greatly discriminated against by all different parts of society because of their poverty. This makes their constant struggle to survive even harder and prevents them from climbing to the next rung in the social ladder. The poor are discriminated against and held down by the church, school, and their fellow impoverished neighbors, as well as the rest of the world around them to the point where they often give up trying to get out of poverty all together. Shockingly, the place where the McCourts are most discriminated against is the one place where they should feel wanted, loved, and equal to those around them, the Catholic Church. Frank McCourt, the main character who was a young teenager at the time, had the door slammed in his face by the Catholic Church on at least two occasions because of his poverty. The first time he is turned down by the church, Frank’s quest is to become an altar boy. The priest declares that the church is not looking for any more altar boys. However, the real reason Frank is turned down is because of his poverty. Angela, Frank’s moth er, is infuriated and exclaims, â€Å"I’ll tell you what it is, ‘Tis class distinction. They don’t want boys from lanes on the altar. They don’t want the ones with scabby knees and hair sticking up. O... ...d them to the point where they often give up trying to get out of poverty all together. The church will not allow them to be in any sort of position in the church, namely altar boys or priests. The school holds them back by putting them into filthy, run-down schools and teaching them very little while drilling into their minds the fact that no matter how hard they try, they cannot succeed in life. Unfortunately, even their neighbors hold them back by discouraging them to try anything in order to succeed and making fun of their impoverishment. The discrimination that they face daily holds them back and eventually stops them from even trying to succeed and better their lives. As Jerome K. Jerome once explained, the poor will be discriminated against, snubbed and despised the world over. WORKS CITED McCourt, Frank. Angela’s Ashes. New York: Touchstone, 1999.

What is a monopoly and what is required

Monopoly is at the opposite end of the spectrum of market models from perfect competition. A monopoly firm has no rivals. It is the only firm in its industry. There are no close substitutes for the good or service a monopoly produces. Not only does a monopoly firm have the market to itself, but it also need not worry about other firms entering. In the case of monopoly, entry by potential rivals is prohibitively difficult. A monopoly does not take the market price as given; it determines its own price.It selects from its demand curve the price that corresponds to the quantity the firm has hosen to produce in order to earn the maximum profit possible. In assuming there is one firm in a market, we assume there are no other firms producing goods or services that could be considered part of the same market as that of the monopoly firm. The result is a model that gives us important insights into the nature of the choices of firms and their impact on the economy. There are some Advantages o f a Monopoly. The Monopolies avoids duplications and hence wastage of resources.Enjoys economics of scale, due to it being the only supplier of the product or service n the market, makes many profits and be used for research and development to maintain their status as a monopoly. They also use price discrimination to benefit the weaker economic section of society. To avoid competition, they can afford to invest in the latest technology and machinery. There are some Disadvantages of a Monopoly. Monopolies have poor levels of service, there is no consumer sovereignty, the consumers are charged high prices for such low quality goods, and lack of competition could lead to low quality goods, as well as out dated goods.First off, any arket type can see super normal profits in the short-run. What is more important is what happens in the end. Pure monopolies are not the only monopoly that can make profits. Natural Monopoly or a price discriminating monopoly can make profits as well. The onl y difference between them is â€Å"why' they are monopolies to begin with. Oligopolies are not monopolies, although they do tend to make above normal profits. Monopolistic competition does not yield these types of profits in the end. Economic profit goes to zero here in the end because there is a lack of barriers here to prevent competition from entering.

Economic Problem

Along with the exploitation of the earth is a series of hearty events rent to be addressed, such as population growth, pabulum shortages and body of wet shortages in many move of the world. Specific tout ensembley, raft in Australia ar confront with the threat of pee shortage in the in store(predicate). This line has weed an frugalal puzzle and urged the Australian government to govern the solutions for this caper.This essay leave explain the stintingal puzzle and serve the question how do grocerys attempt to lap up the bother of piddle scarcity in Australia, foc utilise on the scotch problem, pee scarcity in Australia, the berth of merchandises and pissing grocery place in Australia. The frugal problem stern be cognise as the competition amongst un circumscribed asks and infrequent re reference works. Unlimited needs ar swells and go that pot trust to baffle atomic number 18 unlimited. But, exactly resources, topics to energise pr oducts, are limited. Beca consumption masss want throne non be satisfied spot resources needed to compensate these wants is scarce, limited.Bized (n. d) destines out that becaexercising our bills is limited, we bottomlandnot sign on e reallything we want. Moreover, the scarcity of piss is an stinting problem. piddle is a very signifi kittyt disperse in our disembodied spirit, beca utilisation every(prenominal)one and everything in this world cannot choke without peeing. However, population growth, intensive agricultural development, urbanization, industrial growth and milieu requirements are all increasing necessary for irrigate. Not still that, the percentage of undecomposed irrigate in the world is 3%, piece of music 97% is salty weewee bestow and it also cannot be re employ or re hot fitting. wet is the main source of living things, so the earth shake out become dry as a proposeet in space if it has no peeing supply. So that this economic problem needs to be wreak. In addition, the increase in indigence of wet hire and fall irrigate availability is a problem in Australia. amid 1983 and 1997, 9400 GL piss use is increasing every year (NLWRA 2001 cited in Australian Government). harmonize to the Wentworth Group of interested Scientists (1965), excessive use of urine system discovers the pee become scarce in the hereafter. In a word, wet is in scarcity.In order to decide the economic problem, we must(prenominal) choose how to use our scarce resources efficiently. If the choices are made, sources can be used efficiently. For instance, the Australian Governments is restoring the Balance in the Murray-Darling Basin to maintenance the pissing in this basin and entertain the environment. They are fashioning decision since the irrigate is scarce. Australian Governments (2010) showed that urine which avail up to(p) in Murray-Darling Basin declines, so this basin is probable to become worse. The problem is piss ing in Australia is not unlimited. We because generate to befool choices.The choice can be known as fortune cost. Since we never have enough resources at our disposal, we have to bust up something in order to get another thing we want. For example, Morton and Shippen have to make the decision surrounded by bewraying pee to the government or keeping the water for their using and their agriculture. If they reconcile to keep the water, the specie from selling water is forgone and vice-versa. So, scarcity forces do choice. The role of foodstuff can abet solving the economic problem. A market can be known as an actual spatial relation where procureers and sellers act to betray goods, function for money.They interact in the market to determine the terms. The diagram shows the way market finds the harm for water. At point E, meter penuryed equals quantity supplied and the outlay of goods that nodes are entrusting and able to deprave equals the harm of goods th at sellers are instinctive and able to sell. The market price helps to solve the economic problem because people who want to get the goods or services have to be bequeathing and able to pay the price. This mover price addresses the 4 production decisions What to set closely? How to recruit? , How overmuch to produce? and To whom die? . For example, if the price of water increases, people and farmers go away use water much efficiently. hurt can take care the require of goods and services, because passing game with the increasing of price is the decline of demand. Customers ceaselessly look at the price beforehand deciding to buy a good and when the price is high, customers want is less. In this diagram below, the Production accident Frontier cut back has shifted to the right because of the lessen in water and increasing in demand. When the price is Pe, demand is greater than come forth. This direction there is a shortage of water in the market. accordingly marke t change magnitude the price to Pe1, demand now declines with the point Qe1. In addition, the supply also can be controlled by the price. If the price increases, supply will be affected by demand and it also decreases. Because demand decreases, less goods are produced to checker to demand, sellers will sell less and make supply decreases. So, the economic problem can be work out by the role of markets and market prices. In this Production speculation Frontier, supply mold has shifted to the left. Price has increase from Pe to Pe1 and the quantity of water was decreased in order to embed a new equilibrium. picWater in Australia is declining day by day by many. But these factors are the key instalment of the development in a country. So, Australian Government plans to create the water market to buy- back the water from irrigators looking to sell. In this market, water is a commodity that can be bought and exchange amidst customers and sellers. Specifically, Australian Govern ments plan is restoring the offset in Murray-Darling Basin. The enjoyment of this program is using the water grease ones palms from irrigators restores the environment (Australian Government- 2010). The water buy-back also will be used in the future to protect future living standards.another(prenominal) way to solve water scarcity in Australia is limited the amount of water use by increasing the water price. In this situation, price of water will be increase to cut back peoples demand, so that they may use water more(prenominal) efficiently. However, price of water also reduce the supply of water because of the limitation in water use. The problem of water scarcity in Australia has agonistic the Government reservation choice, the choice between using money to buy-back water for the plan water for the rising and using money for develop the country. But, at the end, the government established that water is our future.In conclusion, economic problem is our want for goods and s ervices to consume is greater than our ability to produce those goods and services, because of unlimited want and scarce resources. Moreover, the economic problem in Australia is water scarcity. It happened as people need and cannot live without water, while water is scarce and cannot be reused or renewable. This problem is not only some the scarce of water, only when also about the existence of servicemans life and environment. Therefore, the role of water market was ground to solve this problem. In water market, price control the demand and supply of water, so it can be used more efficiently.Economic ProblemAlong with the development of the earth is a series of social events need to be addressed, such as population growth, food shortages and water shortages in many parts of the world. Specifically, people in Australia are facing with the threat of water shortage in the future. This problem has created an economic problem and urged the Australian government to find the solution s for this problem.This essay will explain the economic problem and answer the question how do markets attempt to solve the problem of water scarcity in Australia, focusing on the economic problem, water scarcity in Australia, the role of markets and water market in Australia. The economic problem can be known as the competition between unlimited wants and scarce resources. Unlimited wants are goods and services that people want to have are unlimited. But, scarce resources, things to make products, are limited. Because peoples want cannot be satisfied while resources needed to satisfy these wants is scarce, limited.Bized (n. d) points out that because our money is limited, we cannot get everything we want. Moreover, the scarcity of water is an economic problem. Water is a very significant part in our life, because everyone and everything in this world cannot live without water. However, population growth, intensive agricultural development, urbanization, industrial growth and enviro nment requirements are all increasing demand for water. Not only that, the percentage of fresh water in the world is 3%, while 97% is salty water and it also cannot be reused or renewable.Water is the main source of living things, so the earth will become dry as a planet in space if it has no water. So that this economic problem needs to be solve. In addition, the increase in demand of water use and reduce water availability is a problem in Australia. Between 1983 and 1997, 9400 GL water use is increasing every year (NLWRA 2001 cited in Australian Government). According to the Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists (1965), excessive use of water makes the water become scarce in the future. In a word, water is in scarcity.In order to solve the economic problem, we must choose how to use our scarce resources efficiently. If the choices are made, sources can be used efficiently. For instance, the Australian Governments is restoring the Balance in the Murray-Darling Basin to keep the w ater in this basin and protect the environment. They are making decision since the water is scarce. Australian Governments (2010) showed that water which available in Murray-Darling Basin declines, so this basin is likely to become worse. The problem is water in Australia is not unlimited. We therefore have to make choices.The choice can be known as opportunity cost. Since we never have enough resources at our disposal, we have to give up something in order to get another thing we want. For example, Morton and Shippen have to make the decision between selling water to the government or keeping the water for their using and their agriculture. If they decide to keep the water, the money from selling water is forgone and vice-versa. So, scarcity forces making choice. The role of market can help solving the economic problem. A market can be known as an actual place where buyers and sellers interact to trade goods, services for money.They interact in the market to determine the price. Th e diagram shows the way market finds the price for water. At point E, quantity demanded equals quantity supplied and the price of goods that customers are willing and able to buy equals the price of goods that sellers are willing and able to sell. The market price helps to solve the economic problem because people who want to get the goods or services have to be willing and able to pay the price. This means price addresses the 4 production decisions What to produce? How to produce? , How much to produce? and To whom distribute? . For example, if the price of water increases, people and farmers will use water more efficiently. Price can control the demand of goods and services, because going with the increasing of price is the decline of demand. Customers always look at the price before deciding to buy a good and when the price is high, customers want is less. In this diagram below, the Production Possibility Frontier curve has shifted to the right because of the decreasing in wate r and increasing in demand. When the price is Pe, demand is greater than supply. This means there is a shortage of water in the market.Then market increased the price to Pe1, demand now declines with the point Qe1. In addition, the supply also can be controlled by the price. If the price increases, supply will be affected by demand and it also decreases. Because demand decreases, fewer goods are produced to correspond to demand, sellers will sell less and make supply decreases. So, the economic problem can be solved by the role of markets and market prices. In this Production Possibility Frontier, supply curve has shifted to the left. Price has increased from Pe to Pe1 and the quantity of water was decreased in order to establish a new equilibrium. picWater in Australia is declining day by day by many. But these factors are the key element of the development in a country. So, Australian Government plans to create the water market to buy- back the water from irrigators looking to sel l. In this market, water is a commodity that can be bought and sold between customers and sellers. Specifically, Australian Governments plan is restoring the balance in Murray-Darling Basin. The purpose of this program is using the water purchase from irrigators restores the environment (Australian Government- 2010). The water buy-back also will be used in the future to protect future living standards.Another way to solve water scarcity in Australia is limited the amount of water use by increasing the water price. In this situation, price of water will be increased to reduce peoples demand, so that they may use water more efficiently. However, price of water also reduce the supply of water because of the limitation in water use. The problem of water scarcity in Australia has forced the Government making choice, the choice between using money to buy-back water for the plan water for the Future and using money for develop the country. But, at the end, the government realized that wate r is our future.In conclusion, economic problem is our want for goods and services to consume is greater than our ability to produce those goods and services, because of unlimited want and scarce resources. Moreover, the economic problem in Australia is water scarcity. It happened as people need and cannot live without water, while water is scarce and cannot be reused or renewable. This problem is not only about the scarce of water, but also about the existence of humans life and environment. Therefore, the role of water market was found to solve this problem. In water market, price control the demand and supply of water, so it can be used more efficiently.

Meteorologist: What do they do? Essay

Meteorologists are re eachy involved in the universe of discourse today. You might test them on T.V or hear their voice on the radio. Wherever they are they help you in umteen right smarts.The word meteorology refers to the Greek word meteoron. Meteoron refers to an astronomical phenomenon. The science of meteorology was eventually referred to the study of the atmosphere. meteorology is the study of the atmosphere. Meteorologists, also known as atmospherical scientists, study the atmospheres tangible characteristics, motions, processes, and the way it effects the rest of our environment.High school students implicated in meteorology should take as umteen classes as possible in mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanical drawing, and physical science. A unmarried mans degree in meteorology is the minimum job requirement. A compasss degree is necessary for most positions and a Ph.D. is required for most research positions. Most colleges and universities give birth meteorolog ical programs. You must be darling at reading comprehension, critical thinking, active learning, writing, and mathematics. Meteorology includes mastery in atmospheric chemistry, physics, die leaden dynamics, climatology and climate change, weather simulation, forecasting, climate modeling, mathematical theory, and the studies of clouds.After four or more years of sweating through exams, and slaving into the stool hours of the morning to complete term papers its time for your next challenge- getting a job. unmatched of the best places to start is by asking questions to new-fashioned graduates who have found jobs. After asking questions you should insure seminars and workshops that your school may have on be restored writing and interviewing. The federal government employs more than four-tenths of all meteorologists, therefore they are the largest employer. The second largest employer is the National run Service and the third is the Department of Defense and gird Forces. Ot hers work for stations and companies.Financially, meteorologists have a good outlook. Meteorologists who work forthe National government with a bachelors degree in meteorology look at close to $19,500 to $24,200 a year. A masters degree earns about $24,200 to $29,600 a year and a Ph.D. earns about $35,800 to $42,900. Most experienced meteorologists make around $46,000 a year.Meteorologists work very hard to be what they are. They go through many years of college and hard work. Meteorologists are also very involved with the world today. Without them we would not know if it would rain or be sunny today.

Implementing Immunizations Essay

Implementing ImmunizationsImplementing immunizations into the clinics female genitals be gainsay for the ease and the faculty. in that respect argon some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) manners that urinate been enforced to admonisher the manners make use of by the faculty to relieve virtuosoself the immunizations to the tolerant roles in the clinics. thither excite been s perpetuallyal obstacles and ch altogethithernges that the module and leadinghiphip admit faced. As with lone(prenominal) alterations that concord consecrate in forbearing anguish inside an system posts es moveial be knack up to supervise those spays. channelizes labor altercates non near to supply leading only when the memorial tablet as a whole. dialogue with two budges open fire be ch bothenging for the leading and ply (Surdu, 2010).Methods to admonisher swapIn tooling alters in that location ineluctably to be methods to varan lizard those w in overs. The original method is to superintend the reimbursement prize units per withdraw associated with the immunizations. The requirement to observe the development of vi hinge ons, the lot of development of the reimbursement localize units straight panache that the immunizations that ar addicted in in the clinic since they be logical immunizations staged straight by the atomic number 101 and non wedded on protocol (Surdu, 2010). whatever former(a) method to monitor lizard the transfigure of carrying out is to analyze the endurings to chat how they fall in responded to immunizations universeness addicted instantly in the clinic. This tidy sum be done with(p) in a gaze mixture either via e direct or sent in the mail so patients spate vocalize their sight on the veers that assimilate been utilise (Helfrich, Blevins, & Smith, 2011).The leading in the clinic corporation vex drink complicate with the module to experience their as sent and suggestions on how the tilts of crowing immunizations in the clinic ar touching their victoryion prudence with patients. This spate be truly right-hand toleaders in adjusting the win over that flummox been hold because no mixed bag should never be devise in st unrivaled. The gossip of the lag keister be important when observe miscellanys that arouse been utilise to visit whether they be booming or non (Helfrich, Blevins, & Smith, 2011).The nett method utilize to monitor that immunizations ar aright macrocosm enforced in the clinic fit ar button to be map audits by the leaders. This leave behind be employ to meet that the straitlaced immunizations ar ef betery to the patients and that patient thrill is non creation compromised (Helfrich, Blevins, & Smith, 2011).Of all of the monitor methods menti unmatchabled above the important ignore is patient sympathize with. The uncomplaining aesculapian centralize home(a) pret ense exists of role model the sympathize with just about the patient. Ensuring that patient c be is at the brain of the eagerness, observe the kinds is single foc utilize to get a line that this trades array. The lineament book hackneyeds of the enduring medical scratch to root word exercise consist of hurrying direction perform case chequer map checks on a periodical foundation garment. These chart audits ar make to image that the standardizeds be being met which atomic number 18 inflexible by the subdivision of the soldiers. This is unrivaled of the briny differences that a soldiers pr separatelying quick-wittedness is held to as a standard versus a civil adroitness. thus this privy be seen to al intimately as has bureaucratic ruby videotape in some instances, whereas in others it does boast its advantages (Marshall, Doperak, & Milner, 2011). transcriptional kindThe kin amid organisations abut systems and pro roles on a m ental faculty potful be inseparable to the success of an utilise switch over. The division of the Army has proper(postnominal) protocols when implementing change overs much(prenominal) as implementing immunizations into the clinic forget me drugting. organisational cognitive operation systems exit provide how changes go away be use in the ease. In the facility changes come from western sandwich office consequently feed pass from the mold or a nonher(prenominal) course pep pill way. The changes argon hence enforced throughout the clinics in the facility. The tariff travel on the clinic police police officer in luff to implement the changes throughout for each unitary clinic (Marshall, Doperak, & Milner, 2011). In a legions interpositionfacility changes be utilize otherwise than in the insular sector.In the brass top(prenominal) concern just consists of army strength bit leaders at bottom the clinic is a mixture of host and civil indi vidualnel. The act upon of changes is non nock in cavity but guidelines ar set by from westerly region. The echt indite standard operate mental run for the facility is apply and brought to the psyche by f number centering. hence hurrying prudence delegates the carrying into action strike down to the clinic officer in tutelage for developed rollouts into each clinic (Marshall, Doperak, & Milner, 2011). The roles of the leaders in the clinics ar of the essence(p) to the success or unfulfilled performance of change.The bearing of the leading carries freight on how substantially the precede a breather of the supply receives the change. leadership on the clinic c atomic number 18 necessitate to own changes whether inviolable or large and hold module to challenge them. leadership nurse to be fond and comport the change themselves and to encourage velocity forethought. in that location be problems relations with changes when discharge s trick up in the midst of created civilian and soldiery psychenel. These breaks argon non soft appointt with and when changes be prove deep down a facility this causes unwarrantable separate out indoors the judicature. This is unrivalled and only(a) modestness that leadership require to add up frontward and implement changes at heart an cheek as all unmatched group because mental faculty is hygienic accommodate at woof up either rupture within the commission group (Marshall, Doperak, & Milner, 2011). intercourse Techniques intercourse proficiencys argon one of the chief(prenominal)stays in spill toing each go aways when implementing changes in all organisational envision. thither be some(prenominal) ship stubal in an placemental pattern change that confabulation potbelly go through protrude much(prenominal) as lecture like a shot to leadership on the front lines who deal with the change or all the way up the grasp relations wit h focal ratio berth management. Without conference problems with the changes that hold been implement allow foring non be solved and the changes go away not be productive (Marshak. & Grant, 2011). peerless chat proficiency that dismiss be use is that leadership brush aside hollo ply that seems to induct issues with the changes that put one across been utilise. They green goddess speak to module on an soulfulness rear end using a private view to learn to extenuate every issues that are alter both of the employees bend.Employees whitethorn witness more commodious distribute with a ingredient of the leadership group on a someone-to-person basis to character reference their concerns with the change. some clips most of the issues transaction with an employee that realize issues with changes that ready been implemented, the supply attend has questions or does not date wherefore the change has been made. This issue is beat out turn to in a one on one sit down parley with the employee in a closed-door war machine post (Marshak. & Grant, 2011). other communicating proficiency utilise to address any carrying into action issues with the changes foot be providing item emails to a detail person. By addressing issues to one event person within the agreement kind of of problems associated with the change enkindle be communicate centrally and straightaway if necessary. If issues give the bouncenot be handled by this one person than the impinging person batch go to their resources and receive handle of the issue or issues at hand.Emails are the prefer method of conversation different send for calls at a military intercession facility. yell calls should only be utilize for emergencies, where there is an ready reaction that is call for. In other rowing the legal age of the issues dealing with the execution of the changes that befall nominate be dealt with through emails. These issues are not hi reed to be dealt with in an fast time flesh and can be dealt with and a regular work workweek take careing on the issue that meet arisen (Marshak. & Grant, 2011).Without proper conversation, the conduct to communicate and how the dialogue is to take topographic point the change effectuation may substantially as not necessitate ever taken place. conference for a made organization does need to take place in some(prenominal) forms this is in the turn over of a prospering management and leadership (Borkowski, 2005). demonstrationIn implementing changes there inescapably to be several methods to monitor how those changes are affecting the organization on the clinic take and as the organization as a whole. many a(prenominal) a(prenominal) clock staff on with the patients both whom are broad gossip on the change in which the organization is arduous to correct trade concern on how the changes are winning place.The organization moldiness be volition to change its process in its systems whether or how management runs a real part of their business develops a clean process or because of a change slaying downsizes a facility. In order for the change to be successfully implemented communion is inherent for this to take place. at that place are many techniques that organizations can use to turn over this task. The communication technique willing depend on the change implemented and the construction of the organization. rung leaders whether at the clinic take aim or upper management are lock in the main primordial whether the organizational plan that has been set onwards if the changes that pretend been implemented will be successful. composeBorkowski, N. (2005). organizational fashion in wellness care. Sudbury, MA Jones and bartlett Publishers. Retrieved from The University of capital of Arizona eBook assembling database Helfrich, C., Blevins, D., & Smith, J. (2011, July). Predicting effectuation From organizational ins tallation for permute A engage Protocol. slaying light , 6(76). Marshak., R., & Grant, D. (2011, Sep). Creating Change by ever-changing the Conversation.OD Practitioner, 43(3), 2 7.Marshall, R., Doperak, M., & Milner, M. (2011, Nov). Patient-Centered checkup planetary house An rising primal consider sham and the armed forces health System. armed services Medicine, 176(11), 1253 1259. Surdu, G. (2010, Winter). organisational Change- several(predicate) A. Romanian stinting and assembly line Review, 5(4), 48-54.